Gamma-ray Burst 210727A

(All information courtesy of the instrument teams.)

Previous IAU Circulars

none

Results of Observations

GCN NOTICE

TITLE:           GCN/FERMI NOTICE
NOTICE_DATE:     Tue 27 Jul 21 09:51:11 UT
NOTICE_TYPE:     Fermi-GBM Flight Position
RECORD_NUM:      45
TRIGGER_NUM:     649072251
GRB_RA:          182.300d {+12h 09m 12s} (J2000),
                 182.585d {+12h 10m 20s} (current),
                 181.643d {+12h 06m 34s} (1950)
GRB_DEC:         -60.117d {-60d 07' 00"} (J2000),
                 -60.237d {-60d 14' 11"} (current),
                 -59.838d {-59d 50' 17"} (1950)
GRB_ERROR:       5.72 [deg radius, statistical plus systematic]
GRB_INTEN:       495 [cnts/sec]
DATA_SIGNIF:     22.20 [sigma]
INTEG_TIME:      1.024 [sec]
GRB_DATE:        19422 TJD;   208 DOY;   21/07/27
GRB_TIME:        35446.74 SOD {09:50:46.74} UT
GRB_PHI:         105.00 [deg]
GRB_THETA:        20.00 [deg]
DATA_TIME_SCALE: 1.0240 [sec]
HARD_RATIO:      0.37
LOC_ALGORITHM:   3 (version number of)
MOST_LIKELY:      96%  GRB
2nd_MOST_LIKELY:   3%  Generic Transient
DETECTORS:       1,0,0, 0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,0,0, 0,0,
SUN_POSTN:       126.94d {+08h 27m 45s}  +19.11d {+19d 06' 37"}
SUN_DIST:         91.12 [deg]   Sun_angle= -3.7 [hr] (East of Sun)
MOON_POSTN:      350.04d {+23h 20m 10s}   -9.76d {-09d 45' 30"}
MOON_DIST:       109.29 [deg]
MOON_ILLUM:      87 [%]
GAL_COORDS:      297.69,  2.32 [deg] galactic lon,lat of the burst (or transient)
ECL_COORDS:      216.12,-51.96 [deg] ecliptic lon,lat of the burst (or transient)
LC_URL:          http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/FTP/fermi/data/gbm/triggers/2021/bn210727410/quicklook/glg_lc_medres34_bn210727410.gif
COMMENTS:        Fermi-GBM Flight-calculated Coordinates.  
COMMENTS:        This trigger occurred at longitude,latitude = 88.27,-17.18 [deg].  
COMMENTS:        The LC_URL file will not be created until ~15 min after the trigger.

GCN NOTICE

TITLE:           GCN/FERMI NOTICE
NOTICE_DATE:     Tue 27 Jul 21 09:51:31 UT
NOTICE_TYPE:     Fermi-GBM Ground Position
RECORD_NUM:      58
TRIGGER_NUM:     649072251
GRB_RA:          188.310d {+12h 33m 14s} (J2000),
                 188.618d {+12h 34m 28s} (current),
                 187.600d {+12h 30m 24s} (1950)
GRB_DEC:         -61.000d {-61d 00' 00"} (J2000),
                 -61.119d {-61d 07' 07"} (current),
                 -60.724d {-60d 43' 26"} (1950)
GRB_ERROR:       1.84 [deg radius, statistical only]
DATA_SIGNIF:     24.70 [sigma]
DATA_INTERVAL:   1.024 [sec]
GRB_DATE:        19422 TJD;   208 DOY;   21/07/27
GRB_TIME:        35446.74 SOD {09:50:46.74} UT
GRB_PHI:         114.00 [deg]
GRB_THETA:        20.00 [deg]
E_RANGE:         44.032 - 279.965 [keV]
LOC_ALGORITHM:   4173 (Gnd S/W Version number)
SUN_POSTN:       126.94d {+08h 27m 45s}  +19.11d {+19d 06' 37"}
SUN_DIST:         94.02 [deg]   Sun_angle= -4.1 [hr] (East of Sun)
MOON_POSTN:      350.04d {+23h 20m 10s}   -9.76d {-09d 45' 26"}
MOON_DIST:       107.63 [deg]
MOON_ILLUM:      87 [%]
GAL_COORDS:      300.73,  1.79 [deg] galactic lon,lat of the burst (or transient)
ECL_COORDS:      220.67,-50.77 [deg] ecliptic lon,lat of the burst (or transient)
LC_URL:          http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/FTP/fermi/data/gbm/triggers/2021/bn210727410/quicklook/glg_lc_medres34_bn210727410.gif
POS_MAP_URL:     http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/notices_f/gbm_gnd_loc_map_649072251.fits
COMMENTS:        Fermi-GBM Ground-calculated Coordinates.  
COMMENTS:        In the LAT Field-of-view.  
COMMENTS:        Bright hard burst in the GBM.  
COMMENTS:        This Notice was ground-generated -- not flight-generated.  
COMMENTS:        The LC_URL file will not be created/available until ~15 min after the trigger.  
COMMENTS:        The POS_MAP_URL file will not be created/available until ~1.5 min after the notice.  
COMMENTS:           
COMMENTS:        NOTE: This GBM event is temporally(0.0<100sec) coincident with the CALET_GBM event (trignum=1311414395).

GCN NOTICE

TITLE:           GCN/FERMI NOTICE
NOTICE_DATE:     Tue 27 Jul 21 09:51:56 UT
NOTICE_TYPE:     Fermi-GBM Ground Position
RECORD_NUM:      0
TRIGGER_NUM:     649072251
GRB_RA:          190.620d {+12h 42m 29s} (J2000),
                 190.936d {+12h 43m 45s} (current),
                 189.894d {+12h 39m 34s} (1950)
GRB_DEC:         -60.110d {-60d 06' 35"} (J2000),
                 -60.228d {-60d 13' 40"} (current),
                 -59.836d {-59d 50' 09"} (1950)
GRB_ERROR:       1.18 [deg radius, statistical only]
DATA_SIGNIF:     22.20 [sigma]
DATA_INTERVAL:   2.048 [sec]
GRB_DATE:        19422 TJD;   208 DOY;   21/07/27
GRB_TIME:        35446.74 SOD {09:50:46.74} UT
GRB_PHI:         117.00 [deg]
GRB_THETA:        19.00 [deg]
E_RANGE:         44.032 - 279.965 [keV]
LOC_ALGORITHM:   41731 (Gnd S/W Version number)
SUN_POSTN:       126.94d {+08h 27m 45s}  +19.11d {+19d 06' 36"}
SUN_DIST:         94.50 [deg]   Sun_angle= -4.3 [hr] (East of Sun)
MOON_POSTN:      350.05d {+23h 20m 11s}   -9.76d {-09d 45' 20"}
MOON_DIST:       108.07 [deg]
MOON_ILLUM:      87 [%]
GAL_COORDS:      301.81,  2.74 [deg] galactic lon,lat of the burst (or transient)
ECL_COORDS:      221.22,-49.37 [deg] ecliptic lon,lat of the burst (or transient)
LC_URL:          http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/FTP/fermi/data/gbm/triggers/2021/bn210727410/quicklook/glg_lc_medres34_bn210727410.gif
POS_MAP_URL:     http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/notices_f/gbm_gnd_loc_map_649072251.fits
COMMENTS:        Fermi-GBM Ground-calculated Coordinates.  
COMMENTS:        In the LAT Field-of-view.  
COMMENTS:        Bright hard burst in the GBM.  
COMMENTS:        This is likely a Long GRB.  
COMMENTS:        This Notice was ground-generated -- not flight-generated.  
COMMENTS:        The LC_URL file will not be created/available until ~15 min after the trigger.  
COMMENTS:        The POS_MAP_URL file will not be created/available until ~1.5 min after the notice.  
COMMENTS:           
COMMENTS:        NOTE: This GBM event is temporally(0.0<100sec) coincident with the CALET_GBM event (trignum=1311414395).

GCN NOTICE

TITLE:           GCN/FERMI NOTICE
NOTICE_DATE:     Tue 27 Jul 21 10:00:10 UT
NOTICE_TYPE:     Fermi-GBM Final Position
RECORD_NUM:      0
TRIGGER_NUM:     649072251
GRB_RA:          190.720d {+12h 42m 53s} (J2000),
                 191.034d {+12h 44m 08s} (current),
                 189.996d {+12h 39m 59s} (1950)
GRB_DEC:         -59.180d {-59d 10' 47"} (J2000),
                 -59.298d {-59d 17' 52"} (current),
                 -58.906d {-58d 54' 21"} (1950)
GRB_ERROR:       1.89 [deg radius, statistical only]
GRB_DATE:        19422 TJD;   208 DOY;   21/07/27
GRB_TIME:        35446.74 SOD {09:50:46.74} UT
GRB_PHI:         117.00 [deg]
GRB_THETA:        18.00 [deg]
E_RANGE:         44.032 - 279.965 [keV]
LOC_ALGORITHM:   41731 (Gnd S/W Version number)
SUN_POSTN:       126.94d {+08h 27m 47s}  +19.11d {+19d 06' 32"}
SUN_DIST:         94.05 [deg]   Sun_angle= -4.3 [hr] (East of Sun)
MOON_POSTN:      350.12d {+23h 20m 28s}   -9.73d {-09d 43' 31"}
MOON_DIST:       108.95 [deg]
MOON_ILLUM:      87 [%]
GAL_COORDS:      301.83,  3.67 [deg] galactic lon,lat of the burst (or transient)
ECL_COORDS:      220.44,-48.59 [deg] ecliptic lon,lat of the burst (or transient)
LC_URL:          http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/FTP/fermi/data/gbm/triggers/2021/bn210727410/quicklook/glg_lc_medres34_bn210727410.gif
LOC_URL:         http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/FTP/fermi/data/gbm/triggers/2021/bn210727410/quicklook/glg_locplot_all_bn210727410.png
COMMENTS:        Fermi-GBM Final Position.  
COMMENTS:        This Notice was ground-generated -- not flight-generated.  
COMMENTS:        The LC_URL file should be available by the time this FINAL notice is produced.  
COMMENTS:        This notice was generated completely by automated pipeline processing.  
COMMENTS:        In the LAT Field-of-view.  
COMMENTS:        Bright hard burst in the GBM.  
COMMENTS:        This is likely a Short GRB.  
COMMENTS:           
COMMENTS:        NOTE: This GBM event is temporally(0.0<100sec) coincident with the CALET_GBM event (trignum=1311414395).

GCN NOTICE

TITLE:           GCN/FERMI NOTICE
NOTICE_DATE:     Tue 27 Jul 21 12:59:01 UT
NOTICE_TYPE:     Fermi-GBM Final Position
RECORD_NUM:      0
TRIGGER_NUM:     649072251
GRB_RA:          190.560d {+12h 42m 14s} (J2000),
                 190.875d {+12h 43m 30s} (current),
                 189.834d {+12h 39m 20s} (1950)
GRB_DEC:         -60.160d {-60d 09' 35"} (J2000),
                 -60.278d {-60d 16' 39"} (current),
                 -59.886d {-59d 53' 08"} (1950)
GRB_ERROR:       1.18 [deg radius, statistical only]
GRB_DATE:        19422 TJD;   208 DOY;   21/07/27
GRB_TIME:        35446.74 SOD {09:50:46.74} UT
GRB_PHI:         117.05 [deg]
GRB_THETA:        18.96 [deg]
E_RANGE:         50.000 - 300.000 [keV]
LOC_ALGORITHM:   415 (Gnd S/W Version number)
SUN_POSTN:       127.07d {+08h 28m 16s}  +19.08d {+19d 04' 49"}
SUN_DIST:         94.42 [deg]   Sun_angle= -4.3 [hr] (East of Sun)
MOON_POSTN:      351.63d {+23h 26m 31s}   -9.06d {-09d 03' 45"}
MOON_DIST:       108.99 [deg]
MOON_ILLUM:      86 [%]
GAL_COORDS:      301.79,  2.69 [deg] galactic lon,lat of the burst (or transient)
ECL_COORDS:      221.23,-49.43 [deg] ecliptic lon,lat of the burst (or transient)
LC_URL:          http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/FTP/fermi/data/gbm/triggers/2021/bn210727410/quicklook/glg_lc_medres34_bn210727410.gif
LOC_URL:         http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/FTP/fermi/data/gbm/triggers/2021/bn210727410/quicklook/glg_locplot_all_bn210727410.png
COMMENTS:        Fermi-GBM Final Position.  
COMMENTS:        This Notice was ground-generated -- not flight-generated.  
COMMENTS:        The LC_URL file should be available by the time this FINAL notice is produced.  
COMMENTS:        This notice has human-in-the-loop processing.  
COMMENTS:           
COMMENTS:        NOTE: This GBM event is temporally(0.0<100sec) coincident with the CALET_GBM event (trignum=1311414395).

GCN Circular #30531
B. Biltzinger, F. Kunzweiler, F. Berlato, J. Burgess & J. Greiner (all MPE Garching) report:
The public trigdat data of the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) trigger 649072251 at 09:50:46 on 27 July 2021 were automatically fitted for spectrum and sky location with BALROG (Burgess et al. 2018, MNRAS 476, 1427; Berlato et al. 2019, ApJ 873, 60).
The best-fit position (1 sigma statistical errors) is: RA(2000.0) = 184.2+/-6.6 deg Decl.(2000.0) = -64.3+/-3.5 deg We estimate an additional systematic error of 2 deg.
Further details are available at: https://grb.mpe.mpg.de/grb/GRB210727410/
The Healpix map can be downloaded from: https://grb.mpe.mpg.de/grb/GRB210727410/healpix
The location parameters are available as JSON at: https://grb.mpe.mpg.de/grb/GRB210727410/json
GCN Circular #30532
V. Lipunov, E. Gorbovskoy, V.Kornilov, N.Tyurina, P.Balanutsa, A.Kuznetsov, F.Balakin, V.Vladimirov, D. Vlasenko, I.Gorbunov, D.Zimnukhov, V.Senik, T.Pogrosheva, D.Kuvshinov, D. Cheryasov (Lomonosov Moscow State University, SAI, Physics Department),
R. Podesta, C.Lopez, F. Podesta, C.Francile (Observatorio Astronomico Felix Aguilar OAFA),
R. Rebolo, M. Serra (The Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias),
D. Buckley (South African Astronomical Observatory),
O.A. Gres, N.M. Budnev, O.Ershova (Irkutsk State University, API),
A. Tlatov, D. Dormidontov (Kislovodsk Solar Station of the Pulkovo Observatory),
V. Yurkov, A. Gabovich, Yu. Sergienko (Blagoveschensk Educational State University)
MASTER-OAFA robotic telescope (Global MASTER-Net: http://observ.pereplet.ru, Lipunov et al., 2010, Advances in Astronomy, vol. 2010, 30L) located in Argentina (OAFA observatory of San Juan National University) started inspect of the Fermi GRB210727.41 (trigger No 649072251,12h 42m 52.80s , -59d 10m 48.0s, R=1.89) errorbox 131 sec after notice time and 174 sec after trigger time at 2021-07-27 09:53:41 UT, with upper limit up to 16.5 mag. The observations began at zenith distance = 86 deg. The sun altitude is -19.6 deg.
The galactic latitude b = 3 deg., longitude l = 302 deg.
Real time updated cover map and OT discovered available here: https://master.sai.msu.ru/site/master2/observ.php?id=1671621
We obtain a following upper limits.
```
Tmid-T0  |      Date Time      |          Site       |             Coord (J2000)          |Filt.| Expt. | Limit| Comment
_________|_____________________|_____________________|____________________________________|_____|_______|_______|________

     189 | 2021-07-27 09:53:41 |         MASTER-OAFA | (12h 31m 52.86s , -61d 34m 12.7s) |   C |    30 | 15.9 |        
     269 | 2021-07-27 09:53:41 |         MASTER-OAFA | (12h 31m 52.83s , -61d 34m 13.0s) |   C |   190 | 16.5 |  Coadd 
     255 | 2021-07-27 09:54:41 |         MASTER-OAFA | (12h 31m 42.42s , -60d 14m 32.3s) |   C |    40 | 15.6 |        
     335 | 2021-07-27 09:55:51 |         MASTER-OAFA | (12h 31m 46.13s , -61d 34m 16.0s) |   C |    60 | 16.2 |        
     433 | 2021-07-27 09:57:24 |         MASTER-OAFA | (12h 31m 48.14s , -60d 14m 37.1s) |   C |    70 | 15.8 |        
     549 | 2021-07-27 09:59:05 |         MASTER-OAFA | (12h 31m 46.65s , -61d 36m 27.0s) |   C |   100 | 16.3 |        
     855 | 2021-07-27 10:03:46 |         MASTER-OAFA | (12h 41m 32.17s , -59d 42m 02.7s) |   C |   150 | 16.2 |        
    1265 | 2021-07-27 10:10:21 |         MASTER-OAFA | (12h 41m 35.26s , -59d 43m 01.2s) |   C |   180 | 16.4 |        
    1476 | 2021-07-27 10:13:52 |         MASTER-OAFA | (12h 41m 27.10s , -58d 20m 51.6s) |   C |   180 | 15.2 |        
    1686 | 2021-07-27 10:17:22 |         MASTER-OAFA | (12h 41m 29.01s , -59d 42m 56.2s) |   C |   180 | 16.4 |        
```
Filter C is a clear (unfiltred) band.
The observation and reduction will continue. The message may be cited.
GCN Circular #30533
A. Ursi (INAF/IAPS), F. Verrecchia (SSDC, and INAF/OAR), M. Pilia (INAF/OA-Cagliari), M. Tavani (INAF/IAPS, and Univ. Roma Tor Vergata), A. Argan, M. Cardillo, C. Casentini, Y. Evangelista, G. Piano, A. Ursi (INAF/IAPS), F. Lucarelli, C. Pittori (SSDC, and INAF/OAR), A. Bulgarelli, V. Fioretti, F. Fuschino, N. Parmiggiani (INAF/OAS-Bologna), M. Marisaldi (INAF/OAS-Bologna, and Bergen University), A. Trois (INAF/OA-Cagliari), I. Donnarumma (ASI), F. Longo (Univ. Trieste and INFN Trieste), A. Giuliani (INAF/IASF-Mi), report on behalf of the AGILE Team:
The AGILE Mini-CALorimeter (MCAL) detected the short GRB 210727A (Fermi trigger no. 649072251) at T0 = 2021-07-27 09:50:47.40 +/- 0.01 s (UTC).
The event lasted about 1.5 s and released a total number of ~1300 counts in the detector (in the 0.4-100 MeV energy range), above an average background rate of 560 Hz. The MCAL light curve can be found at http://www.agilescienceapp.it/notices/074097_GRB_MCAL_554464247.402495.png .
The time-integrated spectrum of the burst can be fitted in the energy range 0.4-20 MeV with a single power-law with ph.ind. = -1.59 -/+ 0.07, resulting in a reduced chi-squared of 1.23 (62 d.o.f.) and a fluence of 9.6e-06 ergs/cm^2 (90% confidence level), in the same energy range.
The AGILE-MCAL detector is a CsI detector with a 4 pi FoV, sensitive in the energy range 0.4-100 MeV. Additional analysis of AGILE data is in progress. Automatic MCAL GRB alert Notices can be found at: https://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/agile_mcal.html.
GCN Circular #30541
A. Ridnaia, S. Golenetskii, D. Frederiks, D. Svinkin, A. Lysenko, and T. Cline on behalf of the Konus-Wind team,
K. Hurley, on behalf of the IPN,
A. Goldstein, M. S. Briggs, and C. Wilson-Hodge on behalf of the Fermi GBM team,
A. von Kienlin, X. Zhang, A. Rau, V. Savchenko, E. Bozzo, and C. Ferrigno, on behalf of the INTEGRAL SPI-ACS GRB team, and
S. Barthelmy, J. Cummings, H. Krimm, D. Palmer, and A. Tohuvavohu on behalf of the Swift-BAT team, report:
The short-duration GRB 210727A (BALROG localization: Biltzinger et al., GCN 30531; AGILE-MCAL detection: Ursi et al., GCN 30533) was detected by Fermi (GBM trigger 649072251), Konus-Wind, INTEGRAL (SPI-ACS), Swift (BAT), AGILE (MCAL), and CALET (CGBM) at about 35447 s UT (09:50:47). The burst was outside the coded field of view of the BAT.
We have triangulated it to a preliminary, 3 sigma error box whose coordinates are:
```
 ---------------------------------------------
  RA(2000), deg                 Dec(2000), deg
 ---------------------------------------------
 Center:
  189.231 (12h 36m 55s) -59.926 (-59d 55' 35")
 Corners:
  194.539 (12h 58m 09s) -56.353 (-56d 21' 12")
  193.795 (12h 55m 11s) -56.308 (-56d 18' 30")
  182.624 (12h 10m 30s) -63.300 (-63d 17' 59")
  183.549 (12h 14m 12s) -63.394 (-63d 23' 37")
 ---------------------------------------------
```
The error box area is 3.28 sq. deg, and its maximum dimension is 9.14 deg (the minimum one is 22 arcmin). The Sun distance was 93 deg.
This box may be improved.
The IPN localization is consistent with, but reduces the area of, the Fermi final position and the BALROG localization.
A triangulation map is posted at http://www.ioffe.ru/LEA/GRBs/GRB210727_T35447/IPN
The Konus-Wind time history and spectrum will be given in a forthcoming GCN Circular.
GCN Circular #30544
Y. Akaike (Waseda U), A. Yoshida, T. Sakamoto, V. Pal'shin, S. Sugita (AGU), Y. Kawakubo (LSU), K. Yamaoka (Nagoya U), S. Nakahira (RIKEN), Y. Asaoka (ICRR), S. Torii, K. Kobayashi (Waseda U), Y. Shimizu, T. Tamura (Kanagawa U), N. Cannady (GSFC/UMBC), M. L. Cherry (LSU), S. Ricciarini (U of Florence), P. S. Marrocchesi (U of Siena), and the CALET collaboration:
The short GRB 210727A (BALROG localization: Biltzinger et al., GCN Circ. 30531; AGILE/MCAL detection: Ursi et al., GCN Circ. 30533; IPN triangulation: Ridnaia et al., GCN Circ. 30541; https://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/other/210727A.gcn3) triggered the CALET Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (CGBM) at 09:50:46.605 UTC on 27 July 2021. The burst signal was seen by all CGBM detectors.
The burst light curve shows a multi-peaked structure which starts at T-0.38 sec and ends at T+0.64 sec. The T90 and T50 durations measured by the SGM data are 0.96 +- 0.14 sec and 0.51 +- 0.09 sec (40-1000 keV), respectively.
The ground processed light curve is available at
http://cgbm.calet.jp/cgbm_trigger/ground/1311414395/
The CALET data used in this analysis are provided by the Waseda CALET Operation Center located at the Waseda University.
GCN Circular #30549
V. Prasad (IUCAA), P. Sawant (IUCAA), G. Waratkar (IITB), A. Vibhute (IUCAA), V. Bhalerao (IITB), D. Bhattacharya (IUCAA), A. R. Rao (IUCAA/TIFR), and S. Vadawale (PRL) report on behalf of the AstroSat CZTI collaboration:
Analysis of AstroSat CZTI data with the CIFT framework (Sharma et al, 2020, arxiv:2011.07067) showed detection of a short GRB 210727A, which was also detected by Fermi-GBM (Trigger no. 649072251), AGILE/MCAL (Ursi et al., GCN 30533), CALET (Akaike et al., GCN 30544), with IPN localization (Ridnaia et al., GCN 30541) and BALROG localization (Biltzinger et al., GCN 30531).
The source was clearly detected in the 20-200 keV energy range. The light curve showed multiple peaks of emission with the strongest peak at 2021-07-27 09:50:46.45 UT. The measured peak count rate associated with the burst is 890 (+197, -153) cts/s above the background in the combined data of four quadrants, with a total of 489 (+74, -67) cts. The local mean background count rate was 482 (+11, -15) cts/s. Using cumulative rates, we measure a T90 of 0.9 (+0.3, -0.1) s.
It was also detected in the CsI anticoincidence (Veto) detector in the 100-500 keV energy range.
CZTI GRB detections are reported regularly on the payload site at http://astrosat.iucaa.in/czti/?q=grb. CZTI is built by a TIFR-led consortium of institutes across India, including VSSC, ISAC, IUCAA, SAC and PRL. The Indian Space Research Organisation funded, managed and facilitated the project.

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Jochen Greiner, last update: 30-Jul-2021 [Disclaimer]